White haze

Figure 1. Apples of the cultivar Elstar showing signs of white haze.

Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscopy of apple with white haze, showing distinct growth of filamentous hyphae of the anamorphic basidiomycetous genus Tilletiopsis and Tilletiopsis-anamorphs of Entyloma. Insert shows sterigma of on which ballistoconidia are being formed (arrow) Bar indicates 10µm.

RAPD-patterns

RAPD-patterns of ballistoconidium-forming fungi (Tilletiopsis and Entyloma spp.) isolated from White haze showing the presence of genetic polymorphisms. A, (ATG)5; B, (GTG)5; C, ERIC 1E; D, ERIC 2; E, OPA5.

Tabel

Table 1. Origin of Tilletiopsis and Entyloma isolates obtained from patches with white haze on apples from The Netherlands (WH = White haze; R = Russeted, PD = Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands)

Name	CBS number	Origin	Russetted /WH	Apple Cultivar	Year
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111599	Orchard Verkoogen	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111600	Orchard Krabbendijk	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111602	Orchard Dronten	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111597	Orchard Zeewolde	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111598	Orchard Biddinghuizen	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111601	Orchard Zeewolde	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma aff. matricariae	111596	Storage	WH	Elstar	1998
Entyloma spec. A	111603	Storage	WH	Elstar	1998
Entyloma spec. A	111604	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Entyloma spec. A	111627	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Entyloma spec. B	111607	Orchard Oostkapelle	?	Elstar	1998
Entyloma spec. C	111594	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Entyloma spec. C	111595	Orchard Biddinghuizen	R	Elstar	1998
Entyloma spec. C	111593	Storage	WH	Elstar	1998
Entyloma spec. D	111605	Orchard Wognum	?	Elstar	1998
Entyloma spec. D	111606	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998
Tilletiopsis minor	111629	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis minor	111630	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis minor	111631	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998
Tilletiopsis pallescens	111622	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis pallescens	111623	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis pallescens	111626	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis pallescens	111624	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. A	111628	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. A	111625	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111616	Storage	WH	Elstar	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111617	Storage	WH	Elstar	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111613	Storage	R	Elstar	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111615	Storage	R	Elstar	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111608	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	-	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111610	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111611	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111741	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111620	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	-	PD	WH	Elstra	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111612	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111609	PD	WH	Elstar	1994
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111619	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111618	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111614	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998
Tilletiopsis spec. B	111621	Orchard Wognum II	?	?	1998

Cutinase, pectinase, protease and cellulase activity of Tilletiopsis and Entyloma isolates from White haze (E. = Entyloma, T. = Tilletiopsis, Tw = Tween, + = positive; ++ strongly positive; +++ = very strongly positive; w= weak reaction; - = no activity; ? = not tested).

Name	Isolate	Tw 40	Tw 60	Tw 80	Cutinase	Pectinase	Protease	Cellulase
T. minor Nyland	CBS111629	+	+	+	+	+	++	W
T. minor Nyland	CBS111630	+	+	+	+	+	+	W
T. minor Nyland	CBS111631	+	+	+	+	+	++	W
T. pallescens Gokhale	CBS111622	+	+	+	+	++	++	-
T. pallescens Gokhale	CBS111623	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
T. pallescens Gokhale	CBS111624	+	+	+	+	++	++	W
T. pallescens Gokhale	CBS111626	+	+	+	+	++	++	W
T. species A	CBS111628	+	+	+	+	++	++	-
T. species A	CBS111625	+	+	+	+	++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111616	+	+	+	+	+++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111617	+	+	+	+	+++	++	W
T. species B	CBS111613	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
T. species B	CBS111615	+	+	+	+	+++	++	W
T. species B	CBS111608	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
T. species B	CBS111610	+	+	+	+	+++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111611	+	+	+	+	+++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111741	+	+	+	+	+++	++	W
T. species B	CBS111620	+	+	+	+	+	+	W
T. species B	CBS111612	+	+	+	+	+++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111609	+	+	+	+	+++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111619	+	+	+	+	+	++	+
T. species B	CBS111618	+	+	+	+	+++	++	-
T. species B	CBS111614	+	+	+	+	+	++	W
T. species B	CBS111621	+	+	+	+	+++	++	+
T. species C	CBS111607	+	+	+	+	+	++	-
T. species D	CBS111594	+	+	+	+	++	++	+
T. species D	CBS111595	+	+	+	+	+	+	w
T. species E	CBS111603	+	+	+	+	+	++	+
T. species E	CBS111604	+	+	+	?	+	+	+
T. species F	CBS111599	+	+	+	+	++	++	-
T. species F	CBS111600	+	+	+	?	+	+	-
T. species F	CBS111602	+	+	+	+	+	++	W
T. species F	CBS111597	+	+	+	+	+	++	-
T. species F	CBS111598	+	+	+	?	+	+	-
T. species F	CBS111601	+	+	+	+	++	++	W
T. species F	CBS111596	+	+	+	+	+	+	W
T. species F	CBS111627	++	++	++	+	+	+	-
T. species G	CBS111605	+	+	+	+	++	++	-
T. species G	CBS111606	+	+	+	+	+	++	W

Genotypic variation within white haze fungi and reference species as analyzed by RAPD and AFLP analysis. RAPD patterns are indicated with a letter, if they differ in only a single band this is indicated by adding an additional symbol, AFLP clusters are indicated with a figure, subclusters are indicated with an additional ‘. Legends: PD = Plant protection service, Wageningen, The Netherlands; E. = Entyloma; T. = Tilletiopsis; Ti. = Tilletia; aff. = affinity to; spec. = species).

Name.	Isolate	AFLP cluster	RAPD GTG5	RAPD ATG5	RAPD Eric-2	RAPD OPA-05	RAPD Eric-1E	Overall RAPD pattern
T. albescens	CBS 608.83	?	D	D	D	D	D	D
Ti. ayresii	CBS 188.97	?	E	?	E	E	?	E
T. flava	CBS 401.84	?	H	H	H	H	H	H
T. fulvescens	CBS 607.83	?	F	F	F	F	?	F
T. minor	CBS 543.50	?	A	?	A	A	A	A
T. minor Nyland	CBS111629	8	S	S	S	S	S	S
T. minor Nyland	CBS111630	8	S	S	S^^	S	S	S^^
T. minor Nyland	CBS111631	8	S*	S*	S*	S*	S*	S*
T. pallescens	CBS 606.83	?	G	G	G	G	G	G
T. pallescens	CBS 111623	4	O*	O*	O*	O*	O*	O*
T. pallescens Gokhale	CBS111626	4	O^^+	O*	O*	O*	O*	O
T. pallescens Gokhale	CBS111624	6	O^^	O^^	O^^	O^^	O^^	O^^
T. washingtonensis	CBS 544.50	?	B	?	B	B	?	B
Tilletiopsis spec. A	CBS111625	?	P	P	P	P	?	P
Tilletiopsis spec. A	CBS111628	7	?	?	?	?	?	?
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111622	4’	O	O	O	O	O	O
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111616	3	I	I	I	?	I^^	I^^
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111617	3	I	I	I	I	I^^	I^^
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111613	2	I	I*	I	I^^*	I^^	I^^**
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111615	3	I	I	I	I^^*	I	I^^*
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111608	3	I	I	I	I	I	I
Tilletiopsis spec. B	PD A10	3	I	I	I	I	I	I
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111610	3	I	I	I	I*	I	I*
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111611	3	I	I	I	I	I	I
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111741	3	I	I	I	I	I	I
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111620	3	I	I	I	I*	I^^	*I^^**
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111612	3	I	I	I	I	I	I
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111609	3	I	I*	I	I*	I	I**
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111619	3	I	I	I	I*	I^^	*I^^**
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111618	3	I	I	I	I*	I^^	*I^^**
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111614	3	I	I	I	I*	I	I*
Tilletiopsis spec. B	CBS111621	3	I	I	I	I	I^^	I^^
Tilletiopsis spec. C	CBS 111607	?	N	N	N	N	N	N
Tilletiopsis spec. D	CBS 111595	5	K	K	K	K	K	K
Tilletiopsis spec. D	CBS 111593	5	K	K	K	K	K	K
Tilletiopsis spec. D	CBS 111594	5	K	K	K	K	K	K
Tilletiopsis spec. E	CBS 111603	1	M	M	M	M	M	M
Tilletiopsis spec. E	CBS 111604	1	M	M	M	M	M	M
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111600	9	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111599	9	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111602	9	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111597	9	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111598	9	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111601	9	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111596	?	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tilletiopsis spec. F	CBS 111627	9	R	R	R	R	R	R
Tilletiopsis spec. G	CBS 111605	10	C	C	C	C*	C	C*
Tilletiopsis spec. G	CBS 111606	10	C	C*	C	C	C	C#