Mycotoxin production by common filamentous fungi
J. C. FRISVAD and U. THRANE - BioCentrum-DTU
Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
For a more detailed description see: Introduction to food borne fungi.
Toxic metabolite production by species in Ascomycotina.
Mycotoxins sensu stricto are marked with an asterix *.
Many other secondary metabolites are produced by most species but not listed here.
1. Eurotiales
2. Sphaeriales
3. Dothidiales
4. Unknown
1. Eurotiales
- Byssochlamys (anamorph Paecilomyces)
- B. fulva: patulin*, byssochlamic acid, byssotoxin**
- B. nivea: patulin*, byssochlamic acid, malformins
- Pae. variotii I: patulin*
- Pae. variotii II: viriditoxin*
- Talaromyces (anamorph Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium)
- T. macrosporum: duclauxin*
- P. crateriforme: rubratoxin*, rugulovasine A & B*, spiculisporic acid*
- P. funiculosum: ?
- P. islandicum: rugulosin*, luteoskyrin*, islanditoxin*, cyclochlorotine*, erythroskyrin*,
emodin*
- P. rugulosum: rugulosin*
- P. variabile: rugulosin*
- P. purpurogenum: ?
- Eupenicillium (anamorph Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides, Furcatum and Penicillium)
- P. atramentoseum: oxaline, rugulovasine A+B
- P. aurantiogriseum: penicillic acid*, verrucosidin*, nephrotoxic glycopeptides*,
anacine, auranthine, aurantiamine
- P. aurantiocandidum: penicillic acid*, puberulic acid, cyclopenin, cyclopenol
- P. brasilianum: penicillic acid*, verrucologen*, fumitremorgin A* & B*, viridicatumtoxin*
- P. brevicompactum: botryodiploidin*, mycophenolic acid, Raistrick phenols, brevianamide
A
- P. camemberti: cyclopiazonic acid*
- P. carneum: mycophenolic acid, patulin*, penitrem A*, roquefortine C*
- P. chrysogenum: roquefortine C*, meleagrin, penicillin***, chrysogine
- P. citrinum: citrinin*, tanzawaic acid A
- P. commune: cyclopiazonic acid*, rugulovasine A & B, cyclopaldic acid
- P. corylophilum: ?
- P. crustosum: roquefortine C*, penitrem A*, terrestric acid, cyclopenin, cyclopenol
- P. cyclopium: penicillic acid*, xanthomegnin*, viomellein*
- P. digitatum: tryptoquivalins
- P. discolor: chaetoglobosin A, B & C*, cyclopenin, cyclopeol
- P. echinulatum: territrems*, cyclopenin, cyclopenol
- P. expansum: roquefortine C*, patulin*, citrinin*, communesins, chaetoglobosin C*
- P. freii: xanthomegnin*, viomellein*, vioxanthin*, penicillic acid*, aurantiamine,
cyclopenon, cyclopenol
- P. glabrum: citromycetin*
- P. griseofulvum: roquefortine C*, cyclopiazonic acid*, patulin*, griseofulvin*
- P. hirsutum: roquefortine C*, terrestric acid
- P. hordei: roquefortine C*, terrestric acid
- P. italicum: italicic acid, verrucolone
- P. melanoconidium: penicillic acid*, penitrem A*, roquefortine C*, verrucosidin*
- P. nalgiovense: penicillin***, chrysogine
- P. nordicum: ochratoxin A*, anacine, verrucolone
- P. olsonii: verrucolone
- P. oxalicum: secalonic acid D & F*, oxaline
- P. palitans: cyclopiazonic acid*, fumigaclavine A & B*
- P. paneum: patulin*, roquefortine C*, marcfortines
- P. polonicum: penicillic acid*, verrucosidin*, nephrotoxic glycopeptides*, cyclopenin,
cyclopenol
- P. roqueforti: roquefortine C*, isofumigaclavine A & B*, PR?toxin*, mycophenolic
acid
- P. solitum: cyclopenin, cyclopenpol. compactins
- P. verrucosum: ochratoxin A*, citrinin*, verrucolone, verrucins
- P. viridicatum: xanthomegnin*, viomellein*, vioxanthin*, viridic acid*, penicillic
acid*, brevianamide A
- Eurotium (anamorph Aspergillus subgenus Aspergillus)
- E. amstelodami: physcion, echinulin
- E. chevalieri: physcion, echinulin
- E. herbariorum: physcion, echinulin
- Petromyces and Neopetromyces (anamorph Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati)
- Neopetromyces and section Circumdati:
- A. ochraceus: penicillic acid*, ochratoxin A*, xanthomegnin*, viomellein*, vioxanthin*
- Petromyces and section Flavi :
- Petromyces alliaceus: ochratoxin A*, kojic acid
- A. flavus: kojic acid, 3?nitropropionic acid*, cyclopiazonic acid*, aflatoxin B1*,
aspergillic acid
- A. oryzae: kojic acid, cyclopiazonic acid*, 3?nitropropionic acid*
- A. nomius: kojic acid, tenuazonic acid*, aflatoxin B1*, B2*, G1*, G2*, aspergillic
acid
- A. parasiticus: kojic acid, aspergillic acid, aflatoxin B1*, B2*, G1*, G2*
- A. sojae: kojic acid, aspergillic acid
- Aspergillus Section Nigri:
- A. niger: naphtho?4?pyrones, malformins, ochratoxin A* (few isolates)
- A. carbonarius: naphtho-4-pyrones, ochratoxin A*
- Neosartorya and Hemicarpenteles? (anamorphs in Aspergillus subgenera Fumigati and
Clavati)
- Neosartorya and section Fumigati:
- N. fischeri: verrucologen*, fumitremorgin A & B*
- A. fumigatus: gliotoxin*, verrucologen*, fumitremorgin A & B*, fumitoxins**,
fumigaclavines* tryptoquivalins
- Hemicarpenteles and section Clavati:
- A. clavatus: patulin*, ascladiol, cytochalasin E*, tryptoquivalins
- Emericella (anamorph Aspergillus subgenus Nidulantes, section Nidulantes, Versicolores
and Usti)
- E. nidulans: sterigmatocystin*, nidulotoxin**, penicillin***
- A. versicolor: sterigmatocystin*, nidulotoxin**
- A. ustus: austamide*, austdiol*, austins*, austocystins*
- Fennellia (anamorphs in Aspergillus subgenus Flavipedes andTerrei)
- A. terreus: terrein, patulin*, citrinin*, citreoviridin*, territrem*
1. Eurotiales
2. Sphaeriales
3. Dothidiales
4. Unknown
2. Sphaeriales
- Microascus (anamorph Scopulariopsis)
- S. brevicaulis: ?
- Chaetomium
- C. globosum: chaetoglobosins*, chetomin*
- Hypocrea (anamorph Trichoderma)
- T. harzianum: chrysophanol, koninginin A, trichorzianines A + B
- T. virens: gliotoxin*, gliovirin, viridin
- T. viride: alamethicins, emodin*, suzukacillin, trichodermin*, trichotoxin A
- Gibberella (anamorph Fusarium section Arthrosporiella, Discolor, Elegans, Gibbosum,
Liseola, Roseum, Sporotrichiella)
- F. acuminatum: antibiotic Y, chlamydosporol, trichothecenes type A*, enniatins,
moniliformin
- F. avenaceum: antibiotic Y, chlamydosporol, fusarin C, moniliformin, enniatins
- F. crookwellense: culmorin, fusarin C, trichothecenes type B*, zearalenone*, butenolide,
chrysogine
- F. culmorum: culmorin, fusarin C, trichothecenes type B*, zearalenone*, butenolide,
chrysogine
- F. equiseti: equisetin, fusarochromanone*, trichothecenes type A & B*, zearalenone*,
chrysogine
- F. graminearum: culmorin, fusarin C, trichothecenes type B*, zearalenone*butenolide,
chrysogine
- F. semitectum: equisetin, zearalenone*, chryso-gine, fusapyrone
- F. oxysporum: fusaric acid, naphthoquinone pigments, nectriafurone, moniliformin,
gibepyrones
- F. poae: fusarin C, trichothecenes type A & B*, butenolide, gamma-lactones,
- F. proliferatum: fumonisins*, fusaric acid, fusarin C, moniliforme, naphthoquinone
pigments, beauvericins, fusaproliferin, fusapyrone
- F. subglutinans: fusaric acid, fusarin C, moniliforme, naphthoquinone pigments,
beauvericin, fumonisin*
- F. sambucinum: trichothecenes type A*, butenolide, enniatins
- F. sporotrichioides: fusarin C, trichothecenes type A*, butenolide
- F. tricinctum: antibiotic Y, fusarin C, butenolide, chlamydosporol, chrysogine,
visoltricin
- F. verticillioides: fumonisins*, fusaric acid, fusarin C, moniliforme, naphthoquinone
pigments, gibepyrones
- Haematonectria (anamorph Fusarium section Martiella)
- F. solani: fusaric acid, naphthoquinone pigments
- Claviceps (anamorph Sphacelia)
- C. purpurea: ergotalkaloids
1. Eurotiales
2. Sphaeriales
3. Dothidiales
4. Unknown
3. Dothidiales
- Mycosphaerella (anamorph Cladosporium)
- C. herbarum: epi? and fagi?cladosporic acid**
- Pleospora (anamorph Stemphylium)
- S. botryosum: ?
- Lewia (anamorph Alternaria)
- A. cf. Alternata: alternariol, alternariol monomethylether, altertoxins
- A. tenuissima: alternatriol, alternariol monomethylether, altertoxins, tenuazonic
acid*
- Melanopsamma (anamorph Stachybotrys)
- S. chartarum: satratoxin G and H*
1. >Eurotiales
2. Sphaeriales
3. Dothidiales
1. Eurotiales
2. n connection to known ascomycetes
- Unknown teleomorph (anamorph Epicoccum)
- E. nigrum: ?
- Unknown teleomorph (anamorph Wallemia)
- W. sebi: Walleminol A & B
1. Eurotiales
2. Sphaeriales
3. Dothidiales
4. Unknown
Notes
* Mycotoxins in the restricted sense
used in this chapter;
** not structure elucidated;
*** penicillin is not classified as a mycotoxin, but should not be present in foods.